Some Stories Need To Be Told ANIME Style: ANIME-Recent Legal Action (part 1):-
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Friday, 28 February 2014
ANIME-Recent Legal Action (part 1):- There is a belief among some fans that an "unspoken agreement" exists between the fansubbers and Japanese copyright holders that fansubs help promote a product. [ citation needed] Steve Kleckner of Tokyo popnoted: Frankly, I find it kind of flattering, not threatening To be honest, I believe that if the music industry had used downloading and file sharing properly, it would have increased their business, not eaten into it. And, hey, if you get 2,000 fans saying they want a book you've never heard of, well, you gotta go out and get it." This belief was challenged when in December 2004 Media Factory (MFI), a Japanese copyright holder, directly requested that their works be removed from download sites, and since then numerous other companies such as Nippon TV have followed suit in the wake of the appearance of fansubs on YouTube. On December 7, 2004, a Tokyo law firm representing Media Factory sent letters and e-mails to the anime BitTorrent directory Anime Sukiand fansub groups Lunar Anime and Wannabe Fansubs requesting that they halt the fansubbing and hosting of all current and future fansubbing productions. AnimeSuki and Lunar Anime complied, and shortly after, other fansub groups such as Solar and Shining Fansubs followed suit. Despite the request, Wannabe Fansubs and a handful of other fansubbing groups continued to produce fansubs of MFI anime series. To date, this has been one of the few legal actions taken by a Japanese anime company against fansubbing.
ANIME-Impact:- Advancements in fansubbing quality mean that fansubs are now of such quality and free accessibility that the incentive to upgrade (or in some cases downgrade, as from an HD fansub to an SD DVD) to a legitimate copy once a title is domestically licensed may be severely diminished.[ citation needed] An article published by the Yale Economic Review found that "almost all survey participants admitted that possession of a movie download will lower willingness to pay for legal products." Economic instabilities in both the US and Japan have made it hard to gauge the precise consequences of digisubs on the commercial industry, as well, though several Japanese and North American anime studios and distribution companies have pointed to fansubbing as drawing a large amount of profit away from them. [ citation needed] In April 2008, two Gonzotitles [ which] began free, subtitled releases simultaneously with their Japanese TV-airing counterparts on streaming websites YouTube, Crunchyroll, andBOST. In addition to the streaming video, viewers could pay any price they wished (greater than zero) to download a higher-quality version of the shows. As of October 2009, a large number of new anime are being distributed using this same model through Crunchyroll. The general reaction from the fansub community has been to not subtitle these shows, though in some cases the streaming video is released days after the Japanese airing and in very low quality, leading fansubs to still be done of such shows. Several "fansub groups" have taken to ripping the subtitles from these Crunchyroll releases, editing them slightly, syncing them to HDTV video sources, and then releasing them for free. That said, the apparent increase in support from Japanese animation studios for this new distribution model would suggest that it is working quite well, and the number of fansubbing groups has decreased as many people do not feel a need for fansubs when they can stream these shows legally and for free.[ citation needed]
ANIME-Dynamics Of Fansubbing:- Although executives of domestic anime distributors have been vocal about their objection to fansubs, most do not want to gain an image as being hostile to their fans. Of special note, many people in the anime industry started as VHS fansubbers themselves, although fansubbing as they knew it then has become profoundly different from fansubbing as it is known today. This is due to the shift from traditional fansubbing using VHS tape to moderndigisubsthat are circulated on the internet. During the early days of the Internet, it was difficult for fansubbing groups to get the attention of their target audience. [ citation needed] Even during the early to mid-1990s, groups still had to charge a nominal fee (usually $5 to $10 at most) for a VHS and shipping charges to get the anime to its destination. Many people in the general public were not willing to trust relatively unknown internet businesses, especially during the primitive days of internet security. Most of the American and UK anime distribution companies were formed during the early 1990s, and had little competition from such amateur groups. Some companies even formed out of fansubbing circles. [ citation needed] However, as the internet grew in availability and speed, fansub groups were able to host and distribute fansubs online easily. The advent of BitTorrentas opposed to IRC has been pointed to as a key ingredient in the current fansubbing scene. It has been argued that this prompted fans to ignore official releases altogether, and some websites started charging for easier downloading rates. The development of new software and its new found availability made it very simple to copy, subtitle, distribute, and play back fansubs, cutting into what DVDs offer, and their sales. Many anime shows make their debut outside of Japan's shores in electronic format, and it is rare that a popular anime will go without fansubs. Recently, this has also applied to the tokusatsu fandom due to the fact fansubs are actually being done for Super Sentai, Kamen Rider, Ultraman, and various Daikaiju movies in which most fans didn't appreciate the dubbing. In addition, J-Horror and J-Drama, as well as other Asian shows have been fansubbed as many people are becoming more and more curious about Asian cinema and breaking away from the Kung Fu, Samurai, and Giant Monsters films that so many people were familiar with prior to fansubbing.[ citation needed]
ANIME-Notable Incidents:- In 2003, a fansubbing group known as Anime Junkies was involved in a conflict with the licensor and co-producer of the Ninja Scroll TV, Urban Vision's even provided the pitch to Madhouse to create the series. Urban Vision sent a letter asking for Anime Junkies to stop hosting the licensed material, but Anime Junkies did not comply with the request and responded negatively to Urban Vision. Christopher Macdonald, an editor at Anime News Network, highlighted the ethics code of the fansubbing community and asked that fans not support Anime Junkies as a result of their actions
ANIME Legal And Ethical Issues (2):- The role fansubs have played in popularizing anime titles received official recognition by at least two major distributors. In the promotional video announcing the American license of The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, Kadokawa Pictures USA and Bandai Entertainment specifically thanked fansub watchers and asked them to purchase the official release. A company can successfully dub over 100 episodes in as little as a two-year period, a length of time that has confused some fan groups due to the speed that fansubs can provide the same material (considering that the fanbase desires the unaltered Japanese show, simply with their native language subtitles). But companies are starting to address this issue, for example, Funimation is working to release their uncut, unedited episodes of One Piece in multiple formats, [ dead link]releasing earlier season sections alongside boxsets more recent episodes in attempt to meet fan demand. VIZ's boxset format releases for Naruto and Prince of Tennisalso attempt to deliver larger chunks of a series to fans in a quick and efficient manner. Due to 4Kids' heavy editing of their properties and refusal to release untouched versions on DVD, some fansubbing groups continue to subtitle and release popular shows owned by the company such as Tokyo Mew Mew, One Piece, and Yu-Gi-Oh!. 4Kids attempted an uncut bilingual release of Shaman Kingand Yu-Gi-Ohin the mid-2000s, releasing a handful of volumes of each title in the format, but in an interview with ANN Alfred Kahn stated that "The market for them just isn't as large as the one for the cut version," pointing out that their sales might not have met 4Kids' needs or expectations to continue them. Past market reactions have shown that time might be better spent petitioning 4Kids for a bilingual release, and supporting the uncut release of former 4Kids licenses like One Piece, to show them there is a market for such titles.[ citation needed] An older example is Sailor Moon, which was initially licensed by DiC. After fan demand showed there was a market for the title,[ citation needed] uncut, unedited versions of the show, and Pioneer successfully release the Sailor Moon Movies in a subtitled VHS format in 1999, followed by dubbed versions and bilingual DVDs. This was quickly followed by the release of Sailor Moon Sand Sailor Moon Supers, which both received complete unedited releases on VHS and DVD from Geneon. In 2003, the commercial subtitles of the first two seasons appeared, released by ADV Filmsunder license by DIC, completing the uncut release that many fans never believed would be possible.
ANIME-Legal And Ethical Issues:- In countries subscribing to the Berne Convention, fansubbing is illegal as it constitutes copyright infringement. However, fansubbers have traditionally held themselves to a common code of ethics and do not commonly see themselves as pirates. Many fansubs contain subtitle text that reads "This is a free fansub: not for sale, rent, or auction" that pops up during eyecatches Marketing concerns for distribution companies create a gray operating zone for fansubbers. While on the one hand it is true that products like Fist of the North Starare released and licensed in America, only part of the series is available. A fan willing to buy the whole series would find it impossible. However, the lack of support of these products is often a factor in the decision to not continue releasing a series. The costs of licensing more of the series might not be possible without a successful release of the initial offering. Supporters of fansubbing point to an alleged positive impact it has had on the anime industry through its function as publicity. There have been several shows that were at first overlooked for US distribution, only to be picked up later when fansubs helped create a buzz about the franchise. [ citation needed]
ANIME-Distribution and playback:- In the late 1990s and early 2000s, fansubs in electronic form were primarily distributed like VHS and Beta tapes: via mailed CD-Rs. Many fans did not have high speed Internet and were unable to download large files. Many of the early digital fansubs were made from regular tape subs.[ citation needed] In the mid-2000s, most fansubs were distributed through IRC channels, file hosting servicesand BitTorrent. In recent years most groups have shifted from using IRC to being primarily BitTorrent. BitTorrent trackers dedicated to anime fansub releases allow fans to easily find the latest releases, and individual fansub groups often use their own websites to inform fans of new releases. Because of an almost complete de-emphasis on CD-R and DVD-R distribution, file size standards are less frequently followed. An appropriate video and audio playback codec needs to be installed on the computer for proper playback. In addition, many of the video files use alternate multimedia container formats such as OGMand Matroska. Special decoders need to be acquired for these formats as well. One main benefit of using Ogg or Matroska multimedia containers is the ability to create a single file that has DVD-like features such as chapter support and multiple audio and/or subtitle tracks, as well as support for separate opening/ending animation files. At the same time, these multimedia containers can be easily demuxed into their individual files, the individual files can be altered (for example, fixing a misspelling in the subtitles), and then remuxed back together. Many fansub groups recommend using a codec pack, such as CCCP, to allow for relatively simple playback of these formats.
Thursday, 27 February 2014
Modern Fansub Techniques (4) :- The internet allows for highly collaborative fansubbing, and each member of a fansub team may only complete one task. Online fansubbing communities are able to release a fully subtitled episode (including elaborate karaoke with translation, kana, and kanji for songs, as well as additional remarks and translations of signs) within 24 hours of an episode's debut in Japan. While this kind of speed is possible, the groups that favor speed in determent of quality are known as "speedsub" groups and tend to release low-quality fansubs (in terms of subtitle accuracy, video quality, and other aspects). "Quality" groups often take several days, weeks, or even months to release each episode after its initial airing. However, with the advent of new techniques and technology, such as softsubs and modern hardware capable of encoding high quality video quickly, combined with larger fansub groups tending to have a large staff capable of performing tasks in parallel, the line between speedsubs and quality subs is gradually becoming blurred.
Modern Fansub Techniques (3) :- Quality control, or QC, is one of the final stages of fansubbing. Many groups do what is called a "soft QC", then encode the episode, then do what is called a "hard QC." The goal of quality checking an episode is to catch any type setting, timing, editing, and, in the case of hard QC, encoding errors. Most groups have multiple Q Cers, each of whom compiles a report of errors in the episode and submits it, and any errors are then fixed. Quality checkers often are capable of doing other fansub jobs, or have some overall knowledge of the fansubbing process, as well as an eye for spotting various errors. The subtitles are then encoded using Virtual Dubor a similar program. There are several methods of subbing currently used."Hard" subtitles, orhard subs, are encoded into the footage, and thus become hard to remove from the video without losing video quality (this can be done with a Virtual Dub Filter)."Soft" subtitles, or soft subs, are subtitles applied at playback time from a subtitle datafile, either muxed directly into the video file (.mkv, .ogm, etc.), or in a separate file (.ssa, .srt, etc.). With the correct media playeror an auxiliary program, softsubs are superimposed on the footage and appear indistinguishable from hardsubs. Soft subs can also be rendered at higher resolutions, which can make for easier reading if the viewer is upscaling the file. Hard subs have traditionally been more popular than softsubs, due to a lack of player support and worries over plagiarism, but most fansub groups now release a softsub version of their releases. Since modern video media can contain multiple softsubs, some groups release fansubs with several translations into different languages, or differently styled subtitles to fit different preferences. Some groups have begun to release the opening and ending animations as separate files in order to reduce the size of each individual episode, though this introduces conflicts with player support, thus this method is not yet widespread.[ citation needed] In the case of hard subtitles a video editor (commonly Virtual Dub) uses an AVI Synth script to load the raw video file and the subtitle file (created by the translators) then the video software applies the subtitles on the video and captures video with the subtitles "burned" in. The resulting fansub is a computer video file. In the case of soft subs, the companion sub data can be supplied as a separate file; however the complete package often now comes in a suitable media container such as Matroska. It can be copied to CD or DVD media for physical distribution, but is most often distributed using online file-sharing protocols such as viral video, DDL, BitTorrent and by file-sharing bots on IRC. This distribution is usually handled by a distribution team, or "distro" team, composed of one or more individuals with a server or very high upload speed. This allows modern anime fans to download the finished product at little or no cost to themselves or to distributors, as the distro team usually uses servers that are not dedicated to fansub releases, or that are paid for through donations to their respective fansub group. [ citation needed]
Modern Fansub Techniques (2) :- Another, more recent, alternative with the growing availability and usage of .tsraws is translation from Japanese closed captions. The closed captions can be exported from the .ts raw into various formats, and most fansub groups use a program called C-Catsto accomplish it. This method often results in a fast, yet still fairly accurate translation due to greater ease of translating text to text, rather than audio to text. This method, however, is not as widespread, as it is still not commonplace to have a .ts raw for a show. In addition, not all .ts raws have the closed captions in them, as some raw providers remove the captions, and some Japanese broadcasting stations do not broadcast with closed captions. Groups that use closed captions from a .ts raw use the audio to verify the closed caption translation, as it cannot be guaranteed that the closed captions are flawless.[ citation needed] Timing can take place before or after translation, and currently Aegisubis the most popular program for this process. Many groups will "pre-time" before the translation is done, then upon completion of the translation, apply the translation to the timed lines, while at the same time doing what is called "fine timing." Fine timing often involves applying "scene timing," which is a process whereby a line's start or end point is made to correspond with a nearby scene change. This prevents "scene bleeds," which occur when every line has the same lead-in or lead-out time, resulting in some lines starting before or after a scene change. The next process is to typeset both the text or other parts of the video which have been translated (signs, cellphone screens, etc.). Many groups make viewing easier and more organized by utilizing different colors and/or styles for different conditions that the current line is under. In this way, viewers can differentiate between, for example, speech by an on-screen character, speech by an off-screen character, thoughts, announcements (e.g. train boarding notices), or any other conditions which may require differentiation. Many groups use AFX, which is the process of typesetting signs or other on-screen text onto the video such that they blend in seamlessly with or on top of the original Japanese ones. Due to the limitations of softsubs, AFX is usually encoded directly into the video. Many groups who either do not have skilled typesetters or are attempting to release as fast as possible will often just put up another subtitle line (usually at the top of the screen) with the translation of the on-screen text (e.g. "Sign: John's Pub"). Editing takes place any time after the translation has been completed. Most translators are more proficient in Japanese than they are in English, and as such their translations are often ambiguous or grammatically incorrect. It is the editor's job to make the subtitles as easily understandable to a native English speaker as the Japanese audio would be to a native Japanese speaker, while still retaining as much of the original meaning as possible. Different groups have different guidelines for editing. Some insist upon keeping as literal subtitles as possible, thus the editor would merely fix spelling and grammar mistakes, while other groups are more liberal with their editing, in which case the editor often rewrites/rewords lines in their entirety. Many groups have the translator or translation checker view the episode with the edited subtitles to ensure that the editor has not accidentally changed the meaning of a line. Fansub editors on the whole do not require high-level English education, as the dialogue lines are of course not extremely complex.[ citation needed]
Some Stories Need To Be Told ANIME Style: Some Stories Need To Be Told ANIME Style: ANIME-Fa...
Some Stories Need To Be Told ANIME Style: Some Stories Need To Be Told ANIME Style: ANIME-Fa...: Some Stories Need To Be Told ANIME Style: ANIME-Fansub:- Fansub a version of a foreign film...
Modern Fansub Techniques:- Modern fansubs are produced entirely on computers. Arawis still required, but unlike the fansubbers who relied on laser discs, most raw sources comes directly from recordings off Japanese TV, which are widely available via Japanese peer-to-peer programs such as Winny, Share, or Perfect Dark. Some larger fansubbing groups have cappers in Japan that supply them with an MPEG transport stream. While TV recordings are now the primary type of raw used today, rips of region 2 DVDs are also used. For older shows not available on DVD, some modern fansubbers use computers equipped with video capturehardware to get digital copies of older analog media (laserdisc or tape) to work with. [ citation needed] Once the video is in the computer it can be edited and subtitles applied with minimal or no loss of quality, compared to the playback-recording cycle required in traditional fansubbing. However, a majority of the encoding formats used generally cause some loss of quality versus the original broadcast or DVD. A relatively inexpensive PC can perform all of the manipulation necessary, without the need for expensive and complex devices such as editing decks and a genlock. [ citation needed] Translation is usually done solely by listening to the recording. Most translators are not experienced with fansub technology and only provide a translation. While commercial releases will often have access to the scripts, fansubbers have to translate by ear. This can sometimes lead to mistakes or unclear spellings of names. The latter is most common with shows that use Western names. Because of ambiguities resulting from Japanese pronunciation and transcription of English names, names like Alice can sound or be spelled like "Arisu" – which can be misheard as any number of Alice alternatives. This can lead to different fansubbing groups using different spellings. A famous example is Winry Rockbel lfrom Fullmetal Alchemist, who was variously spelled as Winry, Winly and Rinry by different groups due to the equivalence of the alveolar approximantand alveolar lateral approximantin Japanese. Many groups have translation checkers to reduce the chances of letting translation errors slip through, and/or to give an alternative wording/meaning of a certain line to aid in editing an ambiguous translation. Translations for most shows are between 200 and 300 lines, though some dialogue-heavy shows may reach over 500 lines.[ citation needed] One alternative to using the raw Japanese file for audio translation is the use of video that has been subtitled in Chinese. China, Hong Kongand Taiwanhave their own fansub groups that also release to the Internet. Several fansubbers are known to translate into English from the Chinese translations of the original Japanese, although this inherently reduces the accuracy of the translation because of the fact it has gone through two translations. To account for this, fansub groups using Chinese subs often have one or more Japanese translation checkers to minimize the loss of original meaning. A recent example of a show that was fansubbed entirely using Chinese subs is My-Otome; Doremi, one of the groups that worked on the show, used two native Chinese speakers for the project, although several translation checkers were on hand to verify against the original Japanese. In a similar way, English-subbed series can be retranslated into other languages, notably Russian.
Original Video Animation-History:- OVAs originated during the early 1980s. As the VCRbecame a widespread fixture in Japanese homes the Japanese anime industry grew to behemoth proportions. Demand for anime became massive, so much so that consumers would willingly go directly to video stores to buy new animation outright. While people in the United Statesuse the phrase " direct-to-video" as a pejorative for works that could not make it onto television or movie screens, in Japan the demand was so great that direct-to-video became a necessity. Many popular and influential series such as Bubblegum Crisis (1987–1991) and Tenchi Muyo! (1992–2005) were released directly to video as OVAs. The earliest known attempt to release an OVA involved Osamu Tezuka's The Green Cat(part of the Lion Booksseries) in 1983, although it cannot count as the first OVA: there is no evidence that the VHS tape became available immediately, and the series remained incomplete. Therefore the first official OVA release to be billed as such was 1983's Dallos, directed by Mamoru Oshiiand released by Bandai. Other famous early OVAs, premièring shortly thereafter, were Fight! Iczer Oneand the original Megazone 23. Other companies were quick to pick up on the idea, and the mid-to-late 1980s saw the market flooded with OVAs. During this time, most OVA series were new, stand-alone titles. In the 1980s during Japan's economic bubble, production companies were more than willing to spontaneously decide to make a one- or two-part OVA. They paid money to anime studios who then haphazardly created an OVA to be released to rental shops. Judging from sales, should a longer series be deemed feasible, TV networks paid for most of the production costs of the entire series. As the Japanese economy worsened in the 1990s, the flood of new OVA titles diminished to a trickle. Production of OVAs continued, but in smaller numbers. Many anime TV series ran an economical 13 episodes rather than the traditional 26-episodes per season. New titles were often designed[ by whom ] to be released to TV if they approached these lengths. In addition, the rising popularity of cable and satellite TV networks (with their typically less strict censorship rules) allowed the public to see direct broadcasts of many new titles – previously that would have been impossible. Therefore many violent, risque, and fan serviceseries became regular TV series when previously those titles would have been OVAs. During this time period most OVA content was limited to that related to existing and established titles. However, in 2000 and later, a new OVA trend began. Producers released many TV series without normal broadcasts of all of the episodes – but releasing some episodes on DVD-videos of the series. Examples of this include the DVD-only 25th episodeof Love Hina, while several episodesof the Oh My GoddessTV series are DVD-only. In addition, the final episode of Excel Sagawas offered only as an OVA, mostly due to content issues that would have made TV broadcast impossible. In these cases the series as a whole cannot be called an OVA, though certain episodes are. This trend is becoming quite common, and furthermore, many recent OVA series pre-broadcast the episodes and release the DVD with unedited and better quality, revised animations – thus further blurring the boundary between TV and video anime.
Original Video Animation-Format (2):- Most OVA titles run for 4 to 8 episodes, and some only have 1. They tend to have a complex and continuous plot [ citation needed], best enjoyed if all episodes are viewed in sequence. This contrasts with television series, which generally have many short "mini-stories" that happen to be related somehow, rather than a unified plot. Many OVA titles can be thought of as "long films" that just happen to be released in parts. Release schedules vary: some series may progress as slowly as 1–2 episodes per year. Some OVA titles with a lengthy release-schedule ended up unfinished due to lack of fan support and sales. Many one-episode OVAs exist as well. Typically, such an OVA provides a side-storyto a popular TV series (Detective Conan OVAs). At an early stage in the history of the OVA (1980s) many one-episode OVAs appeared. Hundreds of manga that were popular but not enough to gain TV series were granted one-shot (or otherwise extremely short) OVA episodes. When these one-shot OVAs prove popular enough, a network can use the OVA as a pilot to an anime series, such as with Bleachand One Piece.
Original Video Animation-Format:- Like anime made for television broadcast, OVAs sub-divide into episodes. OVA media (tapes, laserdiscs, or DVDs) usually contain just one episode each. Episode length varies from title to title: each episode may run from a few minutes to two hours or more. An episode length of 30 minutes occurs quite commonly, but no standard length exists. In some cases, the length of episodes in a specific OVA may vary greatly, for example in GaoGaiGar FINAL, the first 7 episodes last around 30 minutes, while the last episode lasts 50 minutes; the OVA Key the Metal Idolconsists of 15 separate episodes, ranging in length from 20 minutes to nearly two hours each; as of 2012the OVA Hellsinghad released 10 episodes, ranging from 42 minutes to 56 minutes. An OVA series can run anywhere from a single episode (essentially a direct-to-video movie) to dozens of episodes in length. Probably the longest OVA series ever made, Legend of the Galactic Heroes, spanned 110 main episodes and 52 gaidenepisodes. Many popular series first appear animated as an OVA, and later grow to become television series or movies. Tenchi Muyo!, for example, began as an OVA but went on to spawn several TV series, three movies, and numerous other spin-offs. Producers make other OVA releases as sequels, side stories, music-video collections, or bonus episodes that continue existing as television series or films, such as Love Hina Againand Wolf's Rain. OVA titles generally have a much higher budget per episode than in a television series; therefore the technical quality of animation can generally surpass that in television series; occasionally it even equals that of animated movies. OVA titles have a reputation for the detailed plots and character-development which can result from the greater creative freedom offered to writers and directors in comparison with other formats. This also allows for animated adaptations of manga to reflect their source material more faithfully. Since OVA episodesand series have no fixed conventional length, OVA directors can use however much time they like to tell the story. Time becomes available for significant background, character, and plot development. This contrasts with television episodes (which must begin and conclude in 22 to 26 minutes) and with films (which rarely last more than two hours). In the same way, no pressure exists to produce "filler content" to extend a short plot into a full television series. The producers of OVA titles generally target a specific audience, rather than the more mass-market audience of films and television series, or may feel less constrained by content-restrictions and censorship (such as for violence, nudity, or language) often placed on television series. For example, the KissxsisOVA series generally contains more sexual themes than its television counterpart. Much OVA-production aims at an audience of male anime enthusiasts. Bandai Visualstated in a 2004 news release (for their new OVAs aimed at women) that about 50% of the customers who had bought their anime DVDs in the past fell into the category of 25- to 40-year-old men, with only 13% of purchasers women, even with all ages included. These statistics cover Bandai Visual anime DVDs in general, not just OVAs, but they show the general tendency at this point [ citation needed]. Nikkei Business Publications also stated in a news-release that mainly 25- to 40-year-old adults bought anime DVDs. Few OVAs specifically target female audiences, but Earthian exempli fies the exceptions. Usually one volume costs between 5800 to 9800 yenas of 2006, higher-priced than other anime DVDs, though some sell for less ( Mobile Police Patlabor OVAs (1988) sold at 4800 yen per volume). Some OVAs based on television series (and especially those based on manga) may provide closureto the plot – closure not present in the original series. The Rurouni Kenshin OVAs, to name one series, exemplified numerous aspects of OVAs; they were slightly based on chapters of the author Nobuhiro Watsuki's manga that had not been adapted into the anime TV series, had higher-quality animation, were much more violent, and were executed in a far more dark and realistic style than the TV episodes or the manga. Dark realism featured in Masami Kurumada's famous manga Saint Seiya. The anime adapted two of the three arcsin Kurumada's manga – the projectto adapt the third arc to the anime never started. As Kurumada had completed his manga in 1991, its third act was finally adapted to anime, releasing the episodes as OVAs, starting in 2003 and finishing in 2008, at last adapting Kurumada's manga completely to anime.
Original Video Animation:- Original video animation( Orijinaru bideo animēshon ), abbreviated as OVA (ōbuiē, ōvīē or ova )media (and sometimes as OAV, original animated video, by English-speakers, though it was mistaken for "Original Adult Video"[ citation needed]), are animated films and series made specially for release in home-videoformats. The term originated in relation to Japanese animation ( anime).[ citation needed] Most producers of OVAs release them direct- to-video, without prior showings on television or in theatres; however, there may be very rare occasions where, for example, the first part of an OVA series is broadcast for promotional purposes. OVA titles were originally made available on VHS, later becoming more popular on LaserDiscand eventually DVD. [Starting in summer 2008 the term OAD (original animation DVD) began to refer to DVD releases published bundled with their source material manga.
Original Net Animation:- An original net animation (ONA) is an animethat is directly released onto the Internet. ONAs may also have been aired on television if they were first directly released on the Internet. The name mirrors original video animation, a term that has been used in the anime industry for straight-to-video animation since the early 1980s. The Internet is a relatively new outlet for animation distribution that has been made viable by the increasing amount of streaming mediawebsites in Japan. A growing number of trailers and preview episodes of new anime have been released as ONA. For example, Pokémon: The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon (which was available through the Japanese official website from October 13–30, 2006) and the anime movie of Megumi can be considered ONAs. ONAs tend to be shorter than traditional anime titles, sometimes lasting only a few minutes. There are many examples of an original net animation (ONA): for example Axis Powers Hetalia, which only last a few minutes per episode.
ANIME-Licensing:- Anime has to be licensed by companies in other countries in order to be legally released. While anime has been licensed by its Japanese owners for use outside of Japan since at least the 1960s, the practice became well-established in the United States in the late 1970s to early 1980s, when such TV series as Gatchaman and Captain Harlockwere licensed from their Japanese parent companies for distribution in the US market, often with fairly dramatic changes to the original concepts and storylines. The trend towards American distribution of anime continued into the 1980s with the licensing of titles such as Voltronand the 'creation' of new series such as Robo tech through use of source material from several original series. In the early 1990s, several companies began to experiment with the licensing of less children-oriented material. Some, such as A.D. Vision, and Central Park Media and its imprints, achieved fairly substantial commercial success and went on to become major players in the now very lucrative American anime market. Others, such as Anim Eigo, achieved limited success. Many companies created directly by Japanese parent companies did not do as well, most releasing only one or two titles before completing their American operations.
Anime & Manga:- The anime industry has grown significantly over the last few years, especially outside of Japan. It has spread rapidly across the world resulting in an increase in the licensing of various series, movies, and OVA sat an increased rate across multiple regions. Animax, is acknowledged as the largest and the only 24-hour anime network in the world, broadcasting its anime programs across Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Latin Americaand South Korea.
Saturday, 22 February 2014
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Criticism About Harem:- Harem is criticized for often excessive use of clichésand stock characters, occasionally to the point where stock characters are inserted simply to broaden the title's appeal to viewers with narrow interests in character arche types. Other ethical objections are based on the positive light in which polygamyis cast. [ citation needed]
Friday, 21 February 2014
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Harem (genre)-Harem Ending:- Some visual novels offer a "harem ending" route, where the main character pursues a romantic relationship with multiple other characters simultaneously, with the consent of the other characters. In some cases, the harem ending is unavoidable. Examples of harem anime include Sekirei, Rosario + Vampire and Princess Lover!. Example of Reverse Harem anime include Uta no Prince-sama, Fruits Basket, and Brothers Conflict
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Harem (genre)-Structure:- Because romance is rarely the main focus of an entire series, harem structure is ambiguous. The most distinguishable trait is arguably the group of girls who accompany, and in some instances cohabitate with the boy, and while intimacy is just about customary, it is never necessary; when it is present, there must be a minimum of two girls who express it. Additionally, it is not essential for there to be one exclusive boy; many can exist as long as they are given less attention or the story calls for an unusually obscure sex ratio.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Hentai-Harem (genre):- Harem, hāremumono, broadly, is an ambiguously-defined subgenre of animeand manga characterized by a protagonist surrounded, usually amorously, by three or more members of the opposing sex and/or love interests. The most common and practically tantamount scenario is a male-oriented harem anime where the main male character is surrounded by a group of females; when it is a female-oriented harem anime, it is informally referred to as areverse harem, orgyakuhāremu. (citation needed] More recent variants include polyamorous charactersand removing the protagonist's opposing sex and/or gender identityto better appeal to a more broadly diverse audience, such as futanari-oriented harems, yuri-oriented harems (as with Iono-sama Fanatics), and yaoi-oriented harems (as with Gakuen Heaven)
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Classification Of Hentai:- The hentai genre can be divided into numerous sub-genres, the broadest of which encompasses heterosexual and homosexual acts. Hentai that features mainly heterosexual interactions occur in both male-targeted (ero) and female-targeted ("ladies' comics") form. Those that feature mainly homosexual interactions are known as yaoi(male-male) and yuri (female-female). Both yaoi and, to a lesser extent, yuri are generally aimed at members of the opposite sex from the persons depicted. While yaoi and yuri are not always explicit, the pornographic history and association remains. Yaoi's pornographic usage has remained strong in textual form through fanfiction. The definition of yuri has begun to be replaced by the broader definitions of "lesbian-themed animation or comics". Hentai is perceived as "dwelling" on sexual fetishes. These include dozens of fetishand paraphiliarelated sub-genres, which can be further classified with additional terms, such as heterosexual or homosexual types. Many works are focused on depicting the mundane and the impossible across every conceivable act and situation no matter how fantastical. The largest sub-genre of hentai is futanari ( hermaphroditism), which most often features a female with a penis or penis-like appendage in place of, or in addition to normal female genitals. Futanari characters are primarily depicted as having sex with other women and will almost always be submissive with a male; exceptions include Yonekura Kengo's work, which features female empowerment and domination over males
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Hentai-Demographics:- As a medium, the most popular consumer are men. Eroge games in particular combine three favored media, cartoons, pornography and gaming into an experience. The hentai genre engages a wide audience that expands yearly, with that audience desiring better quality and storylines, or works which push the creative envelope. The unusual and extreme depictions in hentai is not about perversion so much as it is an example of the profit-oriented industry. Anime depicting normal sexual situations enjoy less market success than those that break social norms, such as sex at schools or bondage. According to Dr. Megha Hazuria Gorem, a clinical psychologist, "Because toons are a kind of final fantasy, you can make the person look the way you want him or her to look. Every fetish can be fulfilled." Dr. Narayan Reddy, a sexologist, commented on the eroge games, "Animators make new games because there is a demand for them, and because they depict things that the gamers do not have the courage to do in real life, or that might just be illegal, these games are an outlet for suppressed desire."
Thursday, 20 February 2014
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Hentai-Censorship:- Japanese laws have impacted depictions of works since the Meiji Restoration, but these predate common definition of hentai material. Since becoming law in 1907, Article 175 of the Criminal Code of Japan forbids the publication of obscene materials. Specifically, depictions of male-female sexual intercourse and pubic hairare considered obscene, but bare genitalia is not. As censorship is required for published works, the most common representations are the blurring dots on pornographic videos and "bars" or "lights" on still images. In 1986, Toshio Maeda sought to get past censorship on depictions of sexual intercourse, by creating tentacle sex. This lead to the large number of works containing sexual intercourse with monsters, demons, robots, and aliens, whose genitals look different from men. While western views attribute hentai to any explicit work, it was the product of this censorship which became not only the first titles legally imported to America and Europe, but the first successful ones. While uncut for American release, the United Kingdom's release of Urotsukidoji removed many scenes of the violence and tentacle rape scenes. It was also because of this law that the artists began to depict the characters with a minimum of anatomical details and without pubic hair, by law, prior to 1991. Part of the ban was lifted when Nagisa Oshim aprevailed over the obscenity charges at his trial for his film In the Realm of the Senses. Though not enforced, it did not apply to anime and manga as they were not deemed artistic exceptions. Though alterations of material or censorship and even banning of works are common. The U.S. release of the La Blue Girlaltered the age of the heroine from 16 to 18 and removed sex scenes with a dwarf ninja named Nin-nin, and removed the Japanese censoring blurring dots. La Blue Girlwas outright rejected by UK censors who refused to classify it and prohibited its distribution
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Origin Of Erotic Games:- The term eroge (erotic game) literally defines any erotic game, but has become synonymous with video games depicting the artistic styles of anime and manga. The origins of eroge began in the early 1980s, while the computer industry in Japan was struggling to define a computer standard with makers like NEC, Sharp, Fujitsu competing against one another. The PC98 series, despite lacking in processing power, CD drives and limited graphics came to dominate the market, with the popularity of eroge games contributing to their success. Due to the vague definitions of any erotic game, depending on its classification, the first erotic game is a subjective one. If the definition applies to adult themes, the first game was Softporn Adventure. Released in America in 1981 for the Apple II,So ftporn Adventure was a text-based comedic game from On-Line Systems. If the definition of eroge is defined as the first graphical depictions and/or Japanese adult themes, it would be Koei's 1982 release of Night Life. Sexual intercourse is depicted through simple graphic outlines. Notably, Night Lifewas not intended to be erotic so much as an instructional guide to "to support married life". A series of "undressing" games appeared as early as 1983, such as "Strip Mahjong". The first anime-styled erotic game was Tenshitachi no Gogo, released in 1985 by JAST. In 1988, ASCII released the first erotic role-playing game Chaos Angel. In 1989, Alice Softreleased the turn-based RPG Ranceand ELF released Dragon Knight. In the late 1980s, eroge began to stagnate under high prices and the majority of games containing uninteresting plots and mindless sex. ELF's 1992 release of Dokyusei came as customer frustration with eroge was mounting and spawned a new genre of games called dating sims. Dokyusei was unique because it no defined plot and requiring the player to build a relationship with different girls in order to advance the story. Each girl had their own story, but the prospect of consummating a relationship required the girl coming to love the player, there was no easy sex. The term visual novelis vague, with Japanese and English definitions classifying the genre as a type of interactive fiction game driven by narration and limited player interaction. While the term is often retroactively applied to many games, it was Leafthat coined the term with their "Leaf Visual Novel Series" (LVNS) with the 1996 release of Shizukuand Kizuato. The success of these two dark eroge games would be followed by the third and final installment of the LVNS, 1997 romantic eroge To Heart. Eroge visual novels took a new emotional turn with Tactics 1998 release One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e. Key's 1999 release of Kanonproved to be a major success and would go on to have numerous console ports, two manga series and two anime series.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Origin Of Erotic ANIME:- Because there are fewer animation productions, most erotic works are retroactively tagged as hentai since the coining of the term in English. Hentai is typically defined as consisting of excessive nudity, graphic sexual intercourse whether or it is perverse. The term ecchi, is typically related to fanservice, with no sexual intercourse being depicted. Two early works escape being defined as hentai, but contain erotic themes. This is likely do to the obscurity and unfamiliarity of the works, arriving in America and fading from public focus a full twenty years before importation and surging interests coined the Americanized term of hentai. The first is the 1969 film One Thousand and One Arabian Nights which faithfully includes erotic elements of the original story. In 1970, Cleopatra: Queen of Sex, was the first animated film to carry an X rating, but it was mislabeled as erotica in America. The term typically identifies the Lolita Anime series as the first erotic animeand original video animation (OVA), it was released in 1984 by Wonder Kids. Containing 8 episodes, the series focused on underage sex and rape and including one episode containing BDSM bondage. Several sub-series were released in response, including a second Lolita Animeseries was released by Nikkatsu. It has not been officially licensed or distributed outside of its original release. The Cream Lemon franchise of works, which ran from 1984-2005, with a number of them entering the American market in various forms. The The Brothers Grimeseries released by Excalibur Films contained Cream Lemonworks as early as 1986. However, they were not billed as anime and were introduced during the same time that the first underground distribution of erotic works began. The American release of licensed erotic anime was first attempted in 1991 by Central Park Media, with "I Give My All", but it never occurred. In December 1992, Devil Hunter Yohkowas the first risque ( ecchi) title was released by A.D. Vision. While it contains no sexual intercourse it pushes the limits of the ecchi category with sexual dialogue, nudity and one scene in which the heroine is about to be raped. It was Central Park Media's 1993 release of Urotsuki doji which brought the first "hentai" film to the American viewers. Often cited for creating the hentai and tentacle rapegenres, it contains extreme depictions of violence and monster sex. [ 26 ]It is notable for being the first depiction of tentacle sexon screen. When the movie premiered in America it was described as being "drenched in graphic scenes of perverse sex and ultra-violence". Following this release, a wealth of pornographic content began to arrive in America. With companies such as A.D. Vision, Central Park Mediaand Media Blastersreleasing licensed titles under various labels. A.D. Vision's label Soft Cel Pictures would release 19 titles in 1995 alone. Another label, Critical Masswas created in 1996 to release an unedited edition of Violence Jack. When A.D. Vision's hentai label Soft Cel Pictures shut down in 2005, most of its titles were acquired by Critical Mass. Following the bankruptcy of Central Park Mediain 2009, the licenses for all Anime 18-related products and movies were transferred to Critical Mass.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Origin Of Erotic Manga:- Depictions of sex and abnormal sex can be traced back through the ages, predating the term "hentai". Shunga, a Japanese term for erotic art, is thought to have and existed in some form since Heian period. From the 16th to the 19th century, Shunga works were suppressed by shoguns. A well-known example is The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife which depicts a woman being pleasured by two octopi. Shunga production fell with the rise of pornographic photographs in the late 19th century. To define erotic manga, a definition for mangais needed. While the Hokusai Mangauses the term "manga" it does not depict the story-telling aspect as the images are unrelated. Osamu Tezuka, sometimes referred to as the "God of Manga", helped define the look and form of manga itself. His debut work New Treasure Island was released 1947 as comic book through Ikuei Publishing and sold 400,000 copies. Though it was the popularity of Tezuka's Astro Boy, Metropolis, and Jungle Emperor manga that would come define the media. This story-driven manga is distinctly unique from comic strips like Sazae-san, with the story-driven works dominating the shoujo and shonen magazines. Mature themes in manga have existed since the 1940s, but these depictions were more realistic then the cartoon-cute characters popularized by Tezuka. Marvelous Melmo, was adapted from a manga into an anime and that anime also served as an introduction to sex education for children. Early well-known "ero-gekiga" releases wereEro Mangatropa (1973), Erogenica (1975), and Alice (1977). The distinct shift in realism to the cartoon-cute characters is credited to Azuma Hideo, "The Father of Lolicon". In 1979, he penned Cybele which offered the first commentary on unrealistic depictions of sexual acts between Tezuka-style characters. This would start a pornographic manga movement. The lolicon boom of the 1980s saw the rise of magazines as Lemon Peopleand Petit Apple Pieanthologies. The publication of erotic materials in America can be traced back to at least 1990, when IANVS Publications printed its first Anime Shower Special. In March 1994, Antarctic Press released " Bondage Fairies", an English translation ofInsect Hunter.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) History Of Hentai:- With the usage of hentai as any erotic depiction, the history of these depictions are split into its media. Japanese artwork and comics serve as the first example of hentai material, coming to represent the iconic style after the publication of Azuma Hideo's Cybelein 1979. Japanese animation (anime) had its first hentai, in both definitions, with the 1984 release of Wonderkid's Lolita Anime, overlooking the erotic and sexual depictions in 1969's One Thousand and One Arabian Nights and the bare breasted Cleopatra in 1970's Cleopatra film. Erotic games, another area of contention, has the iconic art style first depicted in sexual acts in 1985's Tenshitachi no Gogo. The history of each medium itself, complicated based on the broad definition and usage.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Hentai-Etymology:- The history of word "hentai" has its origins in science and psychology. By the middle of the Meiji-era, the term appeared in publications to describe unusual or abnormal traits, including paranormal abilities and psychological disorders. A translation of German sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing's text Psychopathia Sexualisoriginated the concept of "hentai seiyoku", as a "perverse or abnormal sexual desire". Though it was popularized outside psychology, as in the case of Mori Ōgai's 1909 novel Vita Sexualis. Continued interest in "hentai seiyoku", resulted in numerous journals and publications on sexual advice which circulated in the public, served to establish the sexual connotation of 'hentai' as perverse. Any perverse or abnormal act could be hentai, such as committing shinjū (love suicide). It was Nakamura Kokyo's journal Abnormal Psychology which started the popular sexology boom in Japan which would see the rise of other popular journals like Sexuality and Human Nature, Sex Research and Sex. Originally,Tanaka Kogaiwrote articles for Abnormal Psychology, but it would be Tanaka's own journal Modern Sexuality which would become one of the most popular sources of scholarly information about erotic and neurotic expression. Modern Sexuality was created to promote fetishism, S&M, and necrophiliaas a facet of modern life. The ero-guro movement and depiction of perverse, abnormal and often erotic undertones were a response to interest inhentai seiyoku. Following the end of World War II, Japan took a new interest in sexualization and public sexuality. Mark McLelland puts forth the observation that the term "hentai" found itself shortened to "H" and that the English pronunciation was " etchi", referring to lewdness and which did not carry the stronger connotation of abnormality or perversion. By the 1950s, the "hentai seiyoku" publications became their own genre and included fetish and homosexual topics. By the 1960s, the homosexual content was dropped in favor of subjects like sadomasochism and stories of lesbianism targeted to male readers. The late 1960s brought a sexual revolution which expanded and solidified the normalizing the terms identity in Japan that continues to exist today through publications such as Bessatsu Takarajima'sHentai-san ga ikuseries.
Monday, 17 February 2014
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Hentai-Term:- Hentai is a kanji compound of 変 (hen; "change", "weird", or "strange") and 態 (tai; "appearance" or "condition"). It also means " perversion" or "abnormality", especially when used as an adjective is the shortened form of the phrase ( hentai seiyoku) which means "sexual perversion". The character hen is catch-all for queerness as a peculiarity, it does not carry an explicit sexual reference. While the term has expanded in use to cover a range of publications including homosexual publications, remains primarily a hetero sexual term, as terms indicating homosexuality entered Japan as foreign words. apanese pornographic works are often simply tagged as prohibited"), meaning "prohibited to those not yet 18 years old", and seijin manga( "adult manga"). Less official terms also in use include eroanime, ero manga, and the English acronym AV (for "adult video"). Usage of the term hentai does not define a genre in Japan. Hentai is defined differently in English. Oxford Dictionary defines hentai as "a subgenre of the Japanese genres of manga and anime, characterized by overtly sexualized characters and sexually explicit images and plots." The origin of the word in English is unknown, but Anime Nation's John Oppliger points to the early 1990s, when a Dirty Pairerotic doujinshi (self-published work) titledH-Bombwas released, and when many websites sold access to images culled from Japanese erotic visual novels and games. The earliest English use of the term traces back to the rec.arts.anime boards; with a 1990 post concerning Happosai of Ranma ½ and the first discussion of the meaning in 1991. A 1995 Glossary on the rec.arts.anime boards contained reference to the Japanese usage and the evolving definition of hentai as "pervert" or "perverted sex". The Anime Movie Guide, published in 1997, defines " ecchi" (etchi) as the initial sound of hentai; it included that ecchi was "milder than hentai". A year later it was defined as a genre in Good Vibrations Guide to Sex. At the beginning of 2000, "hentai" was listed as the 45th most popular search term of the internet, while "anime" ranked 99th. The attribution has been applied retroactively to works such as Urotsukidōji, La Blue Girl, and Cool Devices.Urotsukidōjihad previously been described with terms such as "Japornimation", and "erotic grotesque", [prior to being identified as hentai.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Hentai-Meaning:- the world originated from Japanese language, Hentai is a short for( hentai seiyoku); a perverse sexual desire. In Japanese, the term describes any type of perverse or bizarre sexual desire or act; it does not represent a genre of work. Internationally, hentai is a catch-all term to describe a genre of animeand manga pornography. English adopts and uses hentai as a genre of pornography by the commercial sale and marketing of explicit works under this label. Hentai's narrow Japanese usage and broad international usage are often incompatible. Weather Report Girlis considered yuri hentai in English usage for its depiction of lesbian sex, but in Japan it is just yuri. The definition clash also appears with the English definition of yuri as any lesbian relationship, as opposed to its sexually explicit definition in Japan.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Ecchi-Sexual Intercourse:- Normally, there is no sex in manga or anime which are considered ecchi. Such works are known as hentai, a form of animated pornography. But it is still possible to make a pun on sexual intercourse through misunderstandings. One simple example would be two characters searching for some kind of item, which appears from the outside, only showing the silhouette, as if both would have an actual intercourse.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Ecchi-Pantsu:- The visibility of the underwear ( panties) is one common motif. It often leads to strange reactions between a female and the male protagonist, who would accidentally (or not) look at the underwear. The reaction can be quite varied, depending on the color and style of pantsu, but usually the male is punished for looking, regardless of the reason. The color and style of the pantsu is not chosen at random. Both are seen as an indication for the female's character. Innocent females wear simple white or kawaii themed underwear (with hearts or similar motifs), shy girls prefer theshimapan (striped panties); in some cultures red is seen as 'of the devil' or "naughty," etc. The pantsu theme itself is so popular, that it is an important object in anime like Chobitsor Sora no Otoshimono. Coincidently, both anime's fourth episodes are based on the pantsu theme as a narrative element alone. The anime Panty & Stocking with Garterbeltgoes another step further, in which pantsu is used as a weapon. But even if the pantsu is not the main topic itself, it is often shown due to a "careful choice" of camera angles. In this case, it can be rightfully called fan service, since it is not needed for the story itself.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Ecchi-Nudity:- The level of nudity varies strongly between works, because of the intended audience and the preferences of the authors. In some cases, though the breasts are shown on the screen, nipples and genitals are obscured by smoke, moss, hair, clothing, a decorative element, a light effect, etc. This kind of censorship was typical for Lala in To Love-Ru, Blair in Soul Eateror even Asuka Langley Soryu from Neon Genesis Evangelion. In Ladies versus Butlers!and other anime, the nipples are clearly visible through clothing, no matter how thick it is. A typical reaction to nudity is nosebleeding, which represents sexual arousal. Rather extreme examples are Baka to Test to Shōkanjū and Maria†Holic. In both cases, the characters "nearly die" because of constant blood loss. In Baka to Test to Shōkanjū, the male characters are confronted with nice girls (including the trap Hideyoshi Kinoshita). In Maria†Holic, the main protagonist is the lesbian Kanako Miyamae. Despite her forbidden love, she joins an all-girls school, which leads often to excessive nosebleed, unable to stand up to her adversary, Maria. Despite the fact she knows that Maria is a man, she still falls for his feminine appearance.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Typical examples for Ecchi:- There are many possibilities to classify a work itself as ecchi, but these elements have to occur quite often (for example in all episodes of an anime). Graphically speaking, different techniques are used to show sexy pictures, usually by revealing parts of the female body. Some of these patterns are recurrent, such as scenes in a shower, onsen, or fighting scenes in which clothes are torn apart by weapons or magic. This involves the back, buttocks or even breasts and panchira. The imagination of characters is also a common excuse to show its sexual fantasies, as well as transformation scenes of magical girls. In the end, any excuse is valid to show a character partially or completely nude.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Ecchi-Western usage:- In western nations, the spelling asecchiis preferred, although it does not follow the Hepburn method. This has its origin in the foreign fandom of manga and anime, which used a different method (or no method at all) to transcribe the word. In comparison to hentai, which "is anime erotica", it was adapted "among coy fans and distributors who preferred to use a foreign term for their pornography" in the west, the abbreviation ecchi is seen as softer in meaning than the full term. Calling a Japanese boye (t/c) chimight be flirtatious, as opposed to the more insultinghentai Bezeichnet erotische Darstellungen. Im Vergleich zu Hentai weniger explizit. [Ecchi] refers to erotic depictions. In comparison to hentai, it is less explicit. Sebastian Keller,Der Manga und seine Szene in Deutschland von den Anfängen in den 1980er Jahren bis zur Gegenwart: Manga- mehr als nur große Augen The term ecchi is used to describe a category of manga and anime with sexually oriented content, that is common in works aimed at a predominantly male audience ( shōnenor seinen). But also works aimed at a female audience can contain scenes which are seen as ecchi. Examples are R-18 Love Report! from Emiko Sugiand Oruchuban Ebichu from Risa Itō, which are aimed at the shōjoand josei audience, but contain rather explicit content. This can be conversations with sexual references or misunderstandings about sexuality in dialogs (double meaning, words taken out of context), misunderstandings in visual depictions (the position or pose of a character is suggestive), clothing (underwear, cosplay, fetish clothing, etc.), nudity (ripped apart clothing, wet clothing, clothing malfun ctions, etc.) and the portrayal of certain actions (touch or look at parts of the body). This kind of sexuality is commonly used for comical effect. A typical example scene would contain a male protagonist that accidentally enters a women-only bath or trips over a female character, leaving the impression of sexual harassment. The concept of ecchi is very close related to fan service. While fan service describes every aspect to please the fans, ecchi relates to sexual themes. A special kind of fan service, that is usually bound or justified by the narrative.
Sunday, 16 February 2014
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Ecchi-Etymology and use in Japan:- The correct transcription of the word after Hepburnis "etchi", denoting its usage in Japan. Its current meaning is still closely related to the word " hentai". "Hentai" itself was introduced in the Meiji periodas a term for change of form or transformation in scienceand psychology. In context, it was used to refer to disorders such as hysteriaor to describe paranormal phenomena like hypnosisand telepathy. Further spreading the word led to the connotation ofnon standard. In the 1910s, it was used in sexologyas the compound expression "hentai seiyoku" ,abnormal sexual desire) and became popular within the theory of sexual deviance (Hentai seiyoku ron), published by Eiji Habuto and Jun′ichirō Sawada in 1915. In the 1920s, many publications targeted a broad audience, dealing with deviant sexual appearances, including works related to the Ero Guro Nansensu movement. Matsuzawa calls it a period characterized by a "hentai boom". [In the 1930s began a new western influenced period of censorship which resulted in progressive stop of publication. After the war, in the 1950s, new journals showed an interest in hentai. With this renewed interest, the word hentai is sometimes written in romaji and it was then that H (pronounced asエッチ, as the pronunciation of the English letter H, / ˈ eɪ tʃ /) began to be used as an alternative to "hentai". In 1952, the magazine Shukan Asahi reported that a woman who was groped by a stranger in a movie theater reacted with"ara etchi yo" ("hey, it's a pervert"). In this context, "etchi" must be understood assexually inappropriate and is synonymous toiyarashii( unpleasant, dirty or disgusting) orsukebe ( a pervert). From that moment, the meaning of "hentai" and "etchi" evolved independently. In the 1960s, etchi started to be used by the youth to refer to sex in general. In 1965, a newspaper reported that primary school children using etchi kotoba (the word sexy). In the 1980s, it was used to mean sexas in the phraseetchi suru (to [make] love). The most common theory states that it derives from the first character of the word hentai The word sekkusu is also used in Japan for sex, and Japanese native words for sex (such as seikō) are often replaced by words of foreign origin such as sekkusu or neologisms such as ecchi. Therefore, ecchi is used as a qualifier for anything that is related to erotic or pornographic content. The nuance of ecchi varies with context, but in general, the word itself is comparable to the English words "naughty" or "dirty" (when used as an adjective). In pornographic context, the wordero and other wordings are preferred overetchiby the media. For exampleero-manga, adult anime, or anime / manga for persons over 18 years, and so on. The prefix "H-" is also sometimes used to refer to pornographic genres: H-anime, H-manga, etc.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Ecchi:- It means erotic fantasyand sexual innuendoes in Japanese Language. As an adjectiveit is used with the meaning of "dirty", "naughty", "frivolous"; as a verb (ecchi suru), with the meaning to do something dirty, naughty, frivolous or to sleep together; or as a noun, to describe someone that is seen as ecchi. It is a synonym forero (from Eros) and does not have such a harsh meaning as hentai. The word is not only common in Japan, it is also used worldwide inside the fandom of Japanese media to describe sexual themes or undertones. While the word ecchi could mean anything from mild to insulting in Japanese language, it is used in Western culture to divide between pornography (hentai) and playful usage of sexualized imagery (ecchi). [Works considered as ecchi do not show any sexual intercourseor primary sexual characteristics. Instead, it is up to the imagination of the viewer. Inside such media, it often goes along with fan servicein a humorous way. These kinds of sexual themes or undertones can usually be found in comedic Shōnen/ Seinen mangaand harem anime.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Harem (genre)-Criticism About Harem:- Harem is criticized for often excessive use of clichésand stock characters, occasionally to the point where stock characters are inserted simply to broaden the title's appeal to viewers with narrow interests in character archetypes. Other ethical objections are based on the positive light in which polygamyis cast.[ citation needed]
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Harem (genre)-Harem Ending:- Some visual novels offer a "harem ending" route, where the main character pursues a romantic relationship with multiple other characters simultaneously, with the consent of the other characters. In some cases, the harem ending is unavoidable. [Examples of harem anime include Sekirei, Rosario + Vampireand Princess Lover!. Example of Reverse Harem anime include Uta no Prince-sama, Fruits Basket, and Brothers Conflict
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Harem (genre)-Structure:- Because romance is rarely the main focus of an entire series, harem structure is ambiguous. The most distinguishable trait is arguably the group of girls who accompany, and in some instances cohabitate with the boy, and while intimacy is just about customary, it is never necessary; when it is present, there must be a minimum of two girls who express it. Additionally, it is not essential for there to be one exclusive boy; many can exist as long as they are given less attention or the story calls for an unusually obscure sex ratio.
18+ ( ADULT CONTENT) Harem (genre):- Harem, hāremumono, broadly, is an ambiguously-defined subgenre of animeand manga characterized by a protagonist surrounded, usually amorously, by three or more members of the opposing sex and/or love interests. The most common and practically tantamount scenario is a male-oriented harem anime where the main male character is surrounded by a group of females; when it is a female-oriented harem anime, it is informally referred to as areverse harem, orgyakuhāremu.[ citation needed] More recent variants include polyamorous charactersand removing the protagonist's opposing sex and/or gender identityto better appeal to a more broadly diverse audience, such as futanari-oriented harems, yuri-oriented harems (as with Iono-sama Fanatics), and yaoi-oriented harems (as with Gakuen Heaven).
Children's ANIME And Manga - Awards:- The annual Shogakukan Manga Awardand Kodansha Manga Award each include a category for children's manga. The Shogakukan Manga awards first included a category for children's manga in 1981, while the Kodansha Manga awards first included a children's category in 2003. [ citation needed]
Children's ANIME And Manga - Awards:- The annual Shogakukan Manga Awardand Kodansha Manga Award each include a category for children's manga. The Shogakukan Manga awards first included a category for children's manga in 1981, while the Kodansha Manga awards first included a children's category in 2003. [ citation needed]
Children's ANIME And Manga - Awards:- The annual Shogakukan Manga Awardand Kodansha Manga Award each include a category for children's manga. The Shogakukan Manga awards first included a category for children's manga in 1981, while the Kodansha Manga awards first included a children's category in 2003. [ citation needed]
Children's ANIME And Manga - Specifics and examples:- The very first anime were related to such genre. This genre started in the late 19th century with the production of small, approximately 15 page long comicsin magazines, targeting both boys and girls. These short manga were created as a part of Meijiera's attempt to encourage literacy amongst Japanese children and youth. Children's anime and manga can be divided into four categories. First category is the anime and manga adaptations of the Western legends, tales etc. For example, World Masterpiece Theater. Those works can be quickly understood by non-Japanese viewers. Most of them are TV series. Despite them being popular, they aren't particularly helpful for understanding Japanese anime specifics. They are being made by examples of classical American or Soviet cartoons, respectively treating the spirit and fabula of the adopted work. The second category is unique to Japanand is not readily understood by non-Japanese viewers. These are manga adaptations and originalworks. They can exploit the language humour and contain the references to the Japanese reality. However, it has similar works in American animation, like South Parkor The Simpsons, but they are aimed towards older audience. Example of such works is Chibi Maruko-chan. If look on the storyline, these works contain shounen elements. Third category are cute anime popular amongst girls. For example, Hello Kitty or Bottle Fairy. Another category that is closer to shouneninc ludes Pokemon. These shows have a connection with popular video game and toymarkets, and have the best commercial success. Today there are magazines such as Coro Coro Comic, first published by Shogakukan, which targets boys audience, especially in elementary school. There is also Kodansha's Comic Bonbon, which also published children's manga. Both of these magazines are released monthly in Japan. Popular children's manga also is reinvented as animeand is accompanied by a plethora or merchandise. For example, Sonic X has its video game franchise for Nintendo console. Despite its being aimed at children, children's anime and manga is also being popular amongst older audience. Similarly, shōjoanime like Tokyo Mew Mew or Shugo Charaare also popular amongst younger audience
Children's ANIME And Manga:- Children's manga (Kodomomuke manga) and children's anime (kodomomuke anime), are Japanese terms which literally mean " manga (or " anime", respectively) directed towards children". Children's manga are also known by the word "Kodomo", or "child". These works are noted for stories that are often very moralistic, teaching children how to behave as good and considerate people and helping them to stay on the right path in life. The episodes are generally stand alone and non-episodic in order to appeal to a child. Doraemon by Fujiko F. Fujio is one of the most notable examples for this manga/anime genre.
Saturday, 15 February 2014
Let's Find Out More About Toei Animation, The Company Who produced the first color anime feature filmin 1958 Toei Animation:- Toei Animation Co., Ltd.(Tōei Animēshon Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese animation studio owned by Toei Company, Ltd.The studio was founded in 1948 asJapan Animated Films(, Nihon Dōga Eiga, often shortened to Nichidō Eiga). In 1956, Toei purchased the studio and it was reincorporated under its current name. Over the years, the studio has created a large number of TV series, movies, and adapted many Japanese comics by renowned authors to animated series, many popular worldwide. Hayao Miyazaki, Isao Takahata, Leiji Matsumotoand Yoichi Kotabehave all worked with the company in the past. Toei is a shareholder in the Japanese anime satellite televisionnetwork, Animax, along with other noted anime studios and production enterprises such as Sunrise, TMS Entertainmentand Nihon Ad Systems Inc. The company headquarters are located in the Ohizumi Studio in Nerima, Tokyo. Until 1998, the company was known asToei Doga(Tōei Dōga Kabushiki-gaisha ?) (although even at that time the company's formal English name was "Toei Animation Co., Ltd."), with "dōga" being the native Japanese word for "animation" which was widely used until the 1970s. Their mascot is the cat Pero, from the company's 1969 film adaptationof Puss in Boots. Toei Animation produced the anime versions of works by many legendary manga artists, including Go Nagai, Eiichiro Oda, Shotaro Ishinomori, Mitsutoshi Shimabukuro, Takehiko Inoue, Mitsuteru Yokoyama, Masami Kurumada, Akira Toriyama, Leiji Matsumoto and Naoko Takeuchi. In addition, the studio helped propel the popularity of the magical girland Super Robot genres of anime; among Toei's most legendary and trend-setting TV series include the first magical-girl anime series, Mahoutsukai Sallythe anime adaptation of Mitsuteru Yokoyama's manga of the same name, and Go Nagai's Mazinger Z, animated adaptation of his manga, which set the standard for Super Robot anime for years to come. Although Toei Company usually lets Toei Animation handle its official animation works, on occasion they may hire other companies to provide animation on their behalf, such as Sunrise for the Robot Romance Trilogy, Toei Company handled the overall production, but the animation work went to Sunrise instead. Anime created by Toei Animation that have won the AnimageAnime Grand Prix award have been Galaxy Express 999 in 1981, Saint Seiyain 1987, and Sailor Moonin 1992. In addition to producing anime for domestic release in Japan, Toei Animation also provided animation work for several American box office motion pictures and television series for US companies, dating back as far as the 1960s, but they mostily provided outsourced production work during the 1980s.
ANIME Club-Public Exhibition:- When gathering in a public place to show licensed media, written permission from the domestic rights holder is required. This is known as Public Performance Rights or exhibition rights. North American anime licensors, such as Funimationand Bandai Entertainment have established programs to help facilitate public screenings of their licensed content at anime clubs.
ANIME Club-ANIME Showings:- Typically anime clubs exhibit shows in their original Japanese language track with English subtitles. Dependent upon policy of the club, anime fansubsor localized dubscan be shown. Larger clubs can have multiple viewing rooms. Usually one room features localized anime and the other fansubs. The fansub room can also be known as the ' DIVX' room, named after the popular video codec. Due to the long running and episodicnature of some anime, exhibition is scheduled in blocks with breaks. Often, a twenty six episode series will be screened over the period of several months. There are also informal policies in some club circles regarding the total length of a viewed show. For example, Bleach and InuYasha run for nearly two-hundred episodes each. At this length, a club may be perpetually showing episodes, effectively depriving another show of that spot. Additionally, it may be difficult for new members of the club to follow or become interested in a storyline that has already progressed far.
Friday, 14 February 2014
Anime club-Activities:- Anime club meetings can occur on a weekly or monthly basis. In addition to viewing anime, clubs engage in other activities such as viewing anime music videos, reading manga, karaokeand cosplaying. Many clubs host online forums to further foster community interaction, and feature a library to lend books and manga to members. Participants of an anime club often are also involved in volunteering and organization of local anime conventions. Dependent on the scope of the club, activities can also have a broader range, to include playing of table top games such as shogi, go, and mahjong. Outside activities include sakétasting and visits to cultural events such as National Cherry Blossom Festivalor a kendo demonstration.
Thursday, 13 February 2014
ANIME Clubs:- An ANIME club is an organization that meets to discuss, show, and promote animein a local community setting and can also focus on broadening Japanese cultural understanding. Anime clubs are increasingly found at universities and high schools. Organizers may also utilize public meeting spaces such as a library or a government center. Many anime club attendees identify themselves as otaku. Although the core of anime club attendees are in their twenties, there are generally no age requirements. Adults in their fifties and sixties and teenagers also attend.
Monday, 10 February 2014
JAPANESE ANIME during the 1970s:- During the 1970s, the Japanese film market shrunk due to competition from television. This increased competition from television reduced Toei animation's staff and many animators went to studios such as A Pro and Telecom animation. Mushi Production went bankrupt (only to be revived 4 years later), its former employees founding studios such as Madhouseand Sunrise. As a result, many young animators were thrust into the position of director before they would have been promoted to it. This injection of young talent allowed for a wide variety of experimentation. One of the earliest successful television productions in the early 1970s was Tomorrow's Joe (1970), a boxinganime which has become iconic in Japan. Another example of this experimentation is with Isao Takahata's 1974 television series Heidi, Girl of the Alps. This show was originally a hard sell because it was a simple realistic drama aimed at children. Most TV networks thought the TV show wouldn't be successful because children needed something more fantastic to draw them in.Heidiwound up being an international success being picked up in many European countries and becoming popular there. In Japan it was so successful that it allowed for Hayao Miyazakiand Takahatato start up a series of literary based anime ( World Masterpiece Theater). Miyazaki and Takahata left Nippon Animationin the late 1970s. Two of Miyazaki's critically acclaimed productions during the 1970s were Future Boy Conan (1978) and Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro (1979). Another genre known as Mechacame into being at this time. Some early works include Mazinger Z (1972–74), Science Ninja Team Gatchaman (1972–74), Space Battleship Yamato (1974–75) and Mobile Suit Gundam (1979–80). These titles showed a progression in the science fiction genre in anime, as shows shifted from more superhero-oriented, fantastical plots found, as seen in the Super Robotgenre, to somewhat more realistic space operaswith increasingly complex plots and fuzzier definitions of right and wrong, as seen in the Real Robotgenre.
Toei Animation And Mushi Production:- In 1948, Toei Animation was founded and produced the first color anime feature filmin 1958, Hakujaden ( The Tale of the White Serpent, 1958). This film was more Disneyin tone than modern anime with musical numbers and animal sidekicks. However, it is widely considered to be the first " anime" ever, in the modern sense. It was released in the US in 1961 asPanda and the Magic Serpent. From 1958 to the mid-1960s, Toei continued to release these Disney-like films and eventually also produced three of the most well known anime series, Dragon Ballin 1986, Sailor Moonin 1992 and One Piecein 1999. Toei's style was also characterized by an emphasis on each animator bringing his own ideas to the production. The most extreme example of this is Isao Takahata's film Hols: Prince of the Sun (1968). Holsis often seen as the first major break from the normal anime style and the beginning of a later movement of " auteuristic" or "progressive anime" which would eventually involve directors such as Hayao Miyazaki (creator of Spirited Away) and Mamoru Oshii. A major contribution of Toei's style to modern anime was the development of the "money shot". This cost-cutting method of animation allows for emphasis to be placed on important shots by animating them with more detail than the rest of the work (which would often be limited animation). Toei animator Yasuo Ōtsukabegan to experiment with this style and developed it further as he went into television. in the 1980s Toei would later lend its talent to companies like Sunbow Productions, Marvel Productions, DiC Entertainment, Murakami- Wolf-Swenson, Ruby Spearsand Hanna Barberawith producing several animated cartoons for America during this period. Other studios like TMS Entertainment, were also being used in the 80's, which lead to Asian studios being used more often to animate foreign productions, but the companies involved still produced anime for their native Japan. Osamu Tezukae stablished Mushi Production in 1961, after Tezuka's contract with Toei Animation expired. The studio pioneered TV animation in Japan, and was responsible for successful TV series such as Astro Boy, Kimba the White Lion, Gokū no Daibōken and Princess Knight.
Friday, 7 February 2014
JAPANESE ANIME-During the Second World War:- In the 1930s the Japanese government began enforcing cultural nationalism. This also lead to a strict censorship and control of published media. Many animators were urged to produce animations which enforced the Japanese spirit and national affiliation. Some movies were shown in newsreel theaters, especially after the Film Lawof 1939 promoted documentaryand other educational films. Such support helped boost the industry, as bigger companies formed through mergers, and prompted major live-action studios such as Shochikuto begin producing animation. It was at Shochiku that such masterworks as Kenzō Masaoka's Kumo to Chūrippuwere produced. Wartime reorganization of the industry, however, merged the feature film studios into just three big companies. More animated films were commissioned by the military, showing the sly, quick Japanese people winning against enemy forces. In 1943,Geijutsu Eigashaproduced Mitsuyo Seo's Momotaro's Sea Eagleswith help from the Navy. Shochiku then made Japan's first real feature length animated film, Seo's Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriorsin 1945, again with the help of the Navy. In 1941 Princess Iron Fanhad become the first Asian animation of notable length ever made in China. Due to economic factors, it would be Japan which later emerged long after the war with the most readily available resources to continue expanding the industry.
Thursday, 6 February 2014
Second Generation japanese ANIME:- Yasuji Murata,Hakuzan Kimura,Sanae Yamamotoand Noburō Ōfujiwere students of Kitayama Seitaro and worked at his film studio. Kenzō Masaoka, another important animator, worked at a smaller animation studio. In 1923, the Great Kantō earthquakedestroyed most of the Kitayama studio and the residing animators spread out and founded studios of their own. Prewar animators faced several difficulties. First, they had a hard time competing with foreign producers such as Disney, which were influential on both audiences and producers. Since foreign films had already made a profit abroad, they could be sold for even less than the price domestic producers need to charge in order to break even. Japanese animators thus had to work cheaply, in small companies with only a handful of employees, but that could make matters worse: given costs, it was then hard to compete in terms of quality with foreign product that was in color, with sound, and made by much bigger companies. Japanese animation until the mid-1930s, for instance, generally used cutout animationinstead of cel animationbecause the celluloid was too expensive. This resulted in animation that could seem derivative, flat (since motion forward and backward was difficult) and without detail. But just as postwar Japanese animators were able to turn limited animationinto a plus, so masters such as Yasuji Murata and Noburō Ōfuji were able to do wonders in cutout animation. Animators such as Kenzō Masaokaand Mitsuyo Seo, however, did attempt to bring Japanese animation up to the level of foreign work by introducing cel animation, sound, and technology such as the multiplane camera. Masaoka created the first talkieanime, Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka, released in 1933, and the first anime made entirely using cel animation,The Dance of the Chagamas (1934). Seo was the first to use the multiplane camera inAri-chanin 1941. Such innovations, however, were hard to support purely commercially, so prewar animation depended considerably on sponsorship, as animators often concentrated on making PR films for companies, educational filmsfor the government, and eventually works of propagandafor the military. During this time, censorship and school regulations discouraged film-viewing by children, so anime that offered educational value were supported and encouraged by the Monbusho (the Ministry of Education). This proved important for producers that had experienced a hard time releasing their work in regular theaters. Animation had found a place in scholastic, political and industrial use.
First Generation Japanese ANIME:- Few complete animations made during the beginnings of Japanese animation have survived. The reasons vary, but many are of commercial nature. After the clips had their run, reels (being property of the cinemas) were sold to smaller cinemas in the country and then disassembled and sold as strips or single frames. Katsudō Shashin (活動写真,Moving Picture), a short which lasts 3 seconds, was possibly produced in 1907. The film was found in Kyoto in July 2005. The undated film consists of fifty frames drawn directly onto a strip of celluloid. It depicts a young boy in a sailor suit writing the kanji "活動写真" (katsudō shashin, for "moving pictures") on a board, then turning towards the viewer, removing his hat, and offering a salute. The creator's identity is unknown, but it is thought that it was made for private viewing, perhaps as experimentation, rather than for public release. The discoverer, Natsuki Matsumoto, has speculated that it could be "up to 10 years older" than the previously first known Japanese animation, Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki, released in 1917. However, while a date of circa 1915 is possible, there is no actual basis for this extreme speculation. Ōten Shimokawawas a political caricaturist and cartoonist who worked for the magazineTokyo Puck. He was hired by Tenkatsuto do an animation for them. Due to medical reasons, he was only able to do five movies, including Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki (1917), before he returned to his previous work as a cartoonist. Another prominent animator in this period wasJun'ichi Kōuchi. He was a caricaturist and painter, who also had studied watercolor painting. In 1912, he also entered the cartoonist sector and was hired for an animation by Kobayashi Shokai later in 1916. He is viewed as the most technically advanced Japanese animator of the 1910s. His works include around 15 movies. Seitaro Kitayamawas an early animator who made animations on his own, not hired by larger corporations. He even founded his own animation studio, the Kitayama Eiga Seisakujo, which was later closed due to lack of commercial success. He utilized the chalkboard technique, and later paper animation, with and without pre-printed backgrounds. The works of these two pioneers include Namakura Gatana (An Obtuse Sword, 1917) and a 1918 film Urashima Tarōwhich were discovered together at an antiquemarket in 2007.
Saturday, 1 February 2014
The history of anime began at the start of the 20th century, when Japanese film makers experimented with the animation techniques that were being explored in the West. The first generation of animators in the late 1910s included Ōten Shimokawa, Jun'ichi Kōuchiand Seitaro Kitayama, referred to as the " fathers" of anime. During World War II, propaganda filmssuch as Momotarō no Umiwashi (1943) and Momotarō: Umi no Shinpei (1945) were made, the later being the first anime feature film. During the 1970s, anime developed further, separating itself from its Western roots, and developing distinct genres such as mechaand its Super Robotsub-genre. Typical shows from this period include Lupin IIIand Mazinger Z. During this period several filmmakers became famous, especially Hayao Miyazakiand Mamoru Oshii. In the 1980s, anime was accepted in the mainstream in Japan, and experienced a boom in production. The rise of Gundam, Macross, Dragon Ball, and the Real Robotand space operagenres set a boom as well. The film Akiraset records in 1988 for the production costs of an anime film and went on to become a success worldwide. Later, in 2004, the same creators produced Steamboy, which took over as the most expensive anime film. Space Battleship Yamatoand The Super Dimension Fortress Macrossalso achieved worldwide success after being adapted respectively as Star Blazersand Robotech. The internet also led to the rise of fansubanime. Spirited Awayshared the first prize at the 2002 Berlin Film Festivaland won the 2003 Academy Awardfor Best Animated Feature, while Innocence: Ghost in the Shell was featured at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.
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