ANIME-Animation technique:- Anime follows the typical production of animation, including storyboarding, voice acting, character design, and cel production. Since the 1990s, animators have increasingly used computer animationto improve the efficiency of the production process. Artists like Noburō Ōfujipioneered the earliest anime works, which were experimental and consisted of images drawn on blackboards, stop motionanimation of paper cutouts, and silhouette animation. Cel animation grew in popularity until it came to dominate the medium. In the 21st century, the use of other animation techniques is mostly limited to independent short films, including the stop motion puppet animation work produced by Tadahito Mochinaga, Kihachirō Kawamotoand Tomoyasu Murata. Computers were integrated into the animation process in the 1990s, with works such as Ghost in the Shelland Princess Mononokemixing cel animation with computer-generated images. Fuji Film, a major cel production company, announced it would stop cel production, producing an industry panic to procure cel imports and hastening the switch to digital processes. Prior to the digital era, anime was produced with traditional animationmethods using a pose to pose approach. The majority of mainstream anime uses fewer expressive key framesand more in-betweenanimation. Japanese animation studios were pioneers of many limited animationtechniques. animators in Japan, like everywhere else, study the techniques of Disney in school, but anime has a distinct set of conventions that Japanese animators must learn and apply. Unlike Disney animation, where the emphasis is on the movement, anime emphasizes the art quality as limited animation techniques could make up for the lack of time spent on movement. Such techniques were often used not only to meet deadlines but also as artistic devices. Anime scenes place emphasis on achieving three-dimensional views, and backgrounds are instrumental in creating the atmosphere of the work. The backgrounds are not always invented and are occasionally based on real locations, as exemplified in Howl's Moving Castleand The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya. Oppliger stated that anime is one of the rare mediums where putting together an all-star cast usually comes out looking "tremendously impressive." The cinematic effects of anime differentiates itself from the stage plays found in American animation. Anime is cinematically shot as if by camera, including panning, zooming, distance and angle shots to more complex dynamic shots that would be difficult to produce in reality. In anime, the animation is produced before the voice acting, contrary to American animation which does the voice acting first; this can cause lip syncerrors in the Japanese version.